1820-1877

__ 1820-1877 __  Timeline:
 * Second Great Awakening- 1820s
 * Corrupt Bargain- 1824
 * Nullification Crisis-1832
 * Trail of Tears-1838
 * Mexican Cession-1848
 * Seneca Falls Convention-July 1848
 * Mexican-American War- End of 1848
 * Compromise of 1850-1850
 * Underground Railroad-1850s
 * Civil War-1861-65

Civil War Courtney **__Causes:__** Since Abraham Lincoln believed in uniting the country to be a whole once again, his main purpose during his presidency was to restore the Union. Because of the victory of the North, the South rejoined the country and America became stronger than ever. This was a real test of whether the new country would last or not, and the Civil War outcome proved that they were stronger than everyone thought which was a very important stepping stone into strenghthening the nation.
 * 1) Compromise of 1850- it allowed California into the Union as a free slave state, and the Mexican Secession and would decide with popular soveirgnty, banned slave trade in D.C., adopted a stricter fugitive slave law, and Texas gave up disputed lands for the assumption of $10 million in debt from the government.
 * 2) Bleeding Kansas- fights between pro-slavery and anti-slavery mobs burst out over kansas in the fight over who would win the popular soveirgnty vote.
 * 3) John Brown's Raid- John Brown led a slave rebellion at Harper's Ferry, including four of his sons, and masacared less than 10 people. The mad man was captured by Robert E. Lee, tried for treason and was executed.
 * 4) Election of 1860- Republican Abraham Lincoln was elected President without any southern electoral votes soley because they did not support his opinions on slavery.
 * 5)  Secession of the South- because Abe Lincoln was President, eleven states from the South seceded from the Union in fear of Lincoln completely abolishing slavery. Lincoln believed the country could not stand divided, and his goal was to restore the Union by fighting a war between the North and South.

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Corrupt Bargain Mckayla  -1824 election -Candidates that ran: John Quincy Adams, Andrew Jackson, Henry Clay, and William H. Crawford - On the Election Day no one won the majority Electoral College vote but Jackson did win the popular vote - Constitution states that you must win the electoral college vote in order to become president so the House of Representatives had to vote again - Henry clay came in last of the popular vote so he was automatically out of the 2nd voting session - On January 1824 John Adams invited Henry Clay over to his house to “talk.” No one knew what the 7 hour talk was about, but people had some suspicions that it was about having Henry vote for Adams in the House of Representative vote. - On February 9, 1825, the House of Representatives held the final vote, in which each state would get one vote. - John Q. Adams won on Henry Clay’s vote and became president - Adams in turn named Clay his Secretary of State, an arrangement that Jackson supporters labeled the "corrupt bargain".

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Compromise of 1850 <span style="color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%; text-align: center;">Cordon <span style="color: #008080; display: block; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 250%; text-align: center;">
 * Proposed by Henry Clay in 1850
 * Settled slavery issues and land disputes over the land gained by the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
 * Admitted California as a free state
 * Allowed popular sovereignty to decide over whether New Mexico and Utah would legalized slavery
 * Texas was denied land disputes over what is now New Mexico, but paid $10M by the Federal Government.
 * The slave trade in Washington D.C. became banned. Slavery, however, was not.
 * Stricter fugitive slave laws were passed for the South

The Compromise of 1850 can be though of as one of the last attempts to avoid war. Slavery was a very heated topic at the time, and with America growing larger and larger, the issue of slavery only became more controversial. Henry Clay devised this compromise in an attempt to satisfy the wants of both the North and the South.

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<span style="color: #008080; display: block; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 250%; text-align: center;">Nullification Crisis<span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 40%;">Joe Nullification Crisis- was a crisis in the early 1830s brought together by S.C., because of its nullification of the tariffs of 1828 and 1832 Causes - Tariff of 1828, also known as the tariff of abominations - Economic downturn in the 1820s, specifically in the state of south Carolina - Tariff of 1832 declared unconstitutional by S.C. - John C. Calhoun was a major cause because he was a huge proponent of nullification by the states - Also in 1832 S.C. held a special convention nullifying both the tariff of 1828 and 1832 [] =

= <span style="color: #008080; display: block; font-family: impact,charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 250%; text-align: center;">Trail of Tears Courtney


 * 1) Indian Removal Act- In 1830, the forced removal of thousands of Cherokee Indians in the South, mainly from Georgia, into present day Oklahoma.
 * 2) Constitution- the Indians came up of with a constitution of their own claiming that they have complete jurisdiction over their land and territories.
 * 3) Battles- many of the tribes that were established in the south were causing numerous conflicts with the white settlers over land, and President Andrew Jackson decided that the only way to solve the issue was to push the Indians west.
 * 4) //Worcester v Georgia//- John Marshall declared that it was not the state's right to remove Indians from their territory, but President Jackson ignored what the Supreme Court declared and used military force to remove them anyways.
 * 5) President Martin Van Buren was also effective in the removal of Indians who was president after Andrew Jackson. He helped place the tribes into Indian Territory in Oklahoma east of the Mississippi river, called the Trail of Tears.

This event was important in the history of the nation because we see other ethnic groups being treated unfairly by our government with the support of the President of the United States. Treaties were broken in the making, significantly showing that our government was tough, though it was treating the Native Americans unfairly.

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= = <span style="color: #008080; display: block; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 250%; text-align: center;">Second Great Awakening-Joe Second Great Awakening- A religious revival throughout most of the mid-1800s, by mostly the Christian religion. The awakening expressed that anyone could be saved by revivals. Stimulated establishments of reform movements to remove evil before the second coming of Christ. Causes - Charles G. Finney, more radical forms of revival - Joseph Smith, escaping religious persecution and Brigham Young moving Mormons west - Transcendentalists, believed in intuitive way of thinking, such as Thoreau or Emerson - Newly settled frontier regions, the first contact with organized religion - The first Great Awakening []

<span style="color: #008080; display: block; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 250%; text-align: center;">Mexican-American War <span style="color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%; text-align: center;">Mckayla <span style="color: #008080; display: block; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 250%; text-align: center;"> Causes of the War: War Strategy for the US army:
 * 1) The new uproar of manifest destiny
 * 2) Tensions between Texas and Mexico (the two biggest independent states at the time)
 * 3) Disputes over where the borderline should be in Texas
 * 4) President Polk really wanted to gain new territory for the US and sought that war would be the only way to gain these new lands.
 * 1) Seize and control northern Mexico in hope for an early peace
 * 2) Two armies moved to southern Texas, while a 3rd army traveled west towards California in order to cover all the territory the US wanted to eventually gain.
 * 3) The US had a much more powerful army, an way more members of the army than the Mexican Arm forces.
 * 4) US knew the native’s would not give up, but the tactic was to keep fighting and over powering the Mexican army until they finally become defeated.
 * 5) Many bloody battles were fought

Ending of the war: - The Treaty of Guadeloupe Hidalgo was signed on February 2, 1848 and ended the war. - The treaty was signed for the peace sake, but Mexico made the US pay them 15 million dollars

[|http://www.historyguy.com/Mexican-American_War.html#.T1ga1PXvaSo]

= = <span style="color: #008080; display: block; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 250%; text-align: center;">Mexican Cession <span style="color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%; text-align: center;">Cordon <span style="color: #008080; display: block; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 250%; text-align: center;">


 * Acquired through the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848
 * Gave America our present day southwest
 * Extended America's southern border to the Rio Grande
 * Mexico was forced to give up California, New Mexico, and Utah in exchange for $15M

The Mexican Cession of 1848 gave the U.S. our southwestern lands that act as the border between U.S. and Mexico. Though the land gain was huge for America, it only increased the tension over the topic of slavery between the North and the South, and would only add to the causes of war 13 years from then.

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<span style="color: #008080; display: block; font-family: impact,charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 250%; text-align: center;">Underground RailroadEllen <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-Created to help slaves reach freedom. -Canada, The North -Harriet Tubman: well-known conductor that made many trips back to the South to help the slaves who were not yet free reach freedom -At it’s peak around the 1850’s -Some routes led to Mexico -Symbols were often used to help lead the way

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<span style="color: #008080; display: block; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 250%; text-align: center;">Seneca Falls Convention <span style="color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%; text-align: center;">Ellen <span style="color: #008080; display: block; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 250%; text-align: center;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-Women’s Rights Convention -New York in 1848 -Lasted two days and consisted of six sessions -Declaration of Sentiments -Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth C. Stanton -Pushed for women’s suffrage

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<span style="color: #008080; display: block; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 250%; text-align: center;">Henry Clay <span style="color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%; text-align: center;">Cordon <span style="color: #008080; display: block; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 250%; text-align: center;">
 * Known as The Great Compromiser
 * Clay came up with the idea of the American System, which called for a high protective tariff, internal improvements, and a national bank.
 * Compromise of 1820: Admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state to the union, banned slavery above the 36 30 parallel line.
 * Compromise of 1850: Admitted California as a free state, allowed New Mexico and Utah to decide on slavery by popular sovereignty, Texas gave up land disputes in exchange for $10 M, slavery banned in Washington D.C. and a stricter fugitive slave law enforced.
 * Strong federalist, opposed Jackson and his policies.

Henry Clay is responsible for many of the compromises that kept America from a Civil War beginning earlier than 1861. His compromises often lead to a fair settlement over the issue of slavery and land disputes. Without Clay, the tension between the north and south may have reached a breaking point long before 1861.

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<span style="color: #008080; display: block; font-family: impact,charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 250%; text-align: center;">Andrew Jackson <span style="color: #008080; display: block; font-family: impact,charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 250%; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 40%;">Courtney
 * Andrew Jackson was the 7th president of the United States of America
 * He got rid of the national bank during his presidency
 * He was president for 8 years from 1829 to 1837
 * He was for the state's rights more than a strong central government, as seen in his actions of the Indian Removal Act
 * He was an active politician throughout his entire career as a Democratic-Republican, other than being president he was even a senator and a military general
 * Andrew Jackson is important to the history of our nation because he increased the power of the president and the states
 * Jackson was responsible for the spoils system, which he rewarded his campaign supporters jobs in the government under him for helping him win his elections
 * The time in which he was president was named Jacksonian Democracy, for acknowledging the common people of America, not just the wealthy land owners anymore. This was even so during his inauguration, which was full of crowd that consisted of poor, working class people.
 * Jackson believed in Manifest Destiny, admitting two new states to the union during his presidency. Many changes were exhaulted on America during his time in office.

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<span style="color: #008080; display: block; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 250%; text-align: center;">Abraham Lincoln <span style="color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%; text-align: center;">Cordon
 * President during Civil War (1861-1865)
 * Issued the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863: freed all slaves in rebelling states
 * Gettysburg Address: stated Lincoln's plans for American after Civil War. In it he proposed a true government by the people, for the people.
 * Ratified the 13th amendment to the Constitution in 1865 (Civil War Amendment.) Abolished slavery.
 * His 10% plan (though never put into action) proposed a peaceful, un-punishing readmission of the Confederate States
 * Assassinated on April 15, 1865 by John Wilkes Booth in Ford's Theatre.

Abraham Lincoln is often recognized as one of America's greatest presidents. He is credited for preserving America by keeping the North and the South as one country. Without Lincoln, America may have been split into two countries. Abe Lincoln is also commemorated for abolishing slavery.

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<span style="color: #008080; display: block; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 250%; text-align: center;">James K. Polk <span style="color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%; text-align: center;">Mckayla <span style="color: #008080; display: block; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 250%; text-align: center;"> - Eleventh President - Democrat Party - His nick name was “dark horse” - He led the army through a victorious win in the Mexican American War and the US gained California which was the main objective of the war, along with Nevada, Colorado, Arizona, Utah, New Mexico, and part of Wyoming. - Annexed Texas into the US - James promised to expand the US, and he did so during his time as president gaining all of the southwest territories. [] []

<span style="color: #008080; display: block; font-family: impact,charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 250%; text-align: center;">Zachary Taylor <span style="color: #000000; display: block; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%; text-align: center;">Courtney


 * 1) Zachary Taylor was the twelfth president of the USA.
 * 2) He was a famous for his strong military leadership before his presidency and forty years of experience in fighting famous wars and battles such as the War of 1812 and battles during the Mexican-American War.
 * 3) Unfortunately he died from health issues only having been in office for a little over a year.
 * 4) Taylor never expresses interests in politics strangely until he was in the running to become the next president. Though he did not agree with every aspect of the party and would rather claim himself as Independent or even a Jeffersonian-Democrat, he sided with the Whigs, having differences in opinions on internal improvments and tarriffs.
 * 5) He believed in a bank system throughout the nation and that it should not have fallen apart during the age of Jackson.
 * 6) Taylor himself owned slaves, so many abolitionists did not support his campaign.

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<span style="color: #008080; display: block; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 250%; text-align: center;">Frederick Douglas <span style="color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%; text-align: center;">Mckayla <span style="color: #008080; display: block; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 250%; text-align: center;"> - One of the most famous abolitionist, and human rights activist in the 19th century - 1st African American to hold a high rank in the US government - Author of many famous anti-slavery books, newspapers, and journals such as: //North Star Newspaper// //Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass// //My Bondage and My Freedom// - Consultant to President Abraham Lincoln during the civil war. He advocated that the war should be a direct confrontation against slavery.

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<span style="color: #008080; display: block; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 250%; text-align: center;">Grimke Sisters <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 40%;">Ellen <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Abolitionists -Women’s Rights Movement -Public Lectures -First women to speak up about their thoughts and feelings on women's rights. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">[]

= = <span style="color: #008080; display: block; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 250%; text-align: center;">Stephen AustinJoe - born in 1793 and later died in 1836 due to illness - known as “The Father of Texas” - led 300 American families in the Texas territory - first secretary of state in the New Republic of Texas - Key person in Texas winning its independence in March of 1836 []

= = <span style="color: #008080; display: block; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 250%; text-align: center;">Dorothea Dix <span style="color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%; text-align: center;">Ellen <span style="color: #008080; display: block; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 250%; text-align: center;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-Created the first generation of mental hospitals -American activist -Worked as the superintendent of army nurses during the Civil War -Wrote the “Bill for the Benefit of the Indigent Insane” which would set aside land to build mental hospitals on -After the Civil War she visited many prisons in search to improve them -Elected President for the Life of the Army Nurses Association -In honor of all her hard work put into charities, she was awarded by being put on a one cent postage stamp

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= <span style="color: #008080; display: block; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 230%; text-align: center;">Brigham YoungJoe - born in 1801 and died in 1877 - influential person in the formation of the Latter Day Saints Church and Mormon religion - Moved the Mormon people to the western parts of North America - Served as the first governor of the Utah territory - Organized a board of regents to establish the now University of Utah, originally University of Deseret, in 1850 - The ladder day saints and Young are best known for the controversial teaching of polygamy, more than two partners in a marriage []