1877-1918

__ **Important People:** __
 * 1877-1918**
 * 1) Theodore Roosevelt
 * 2) Thomas Edison
 * 3) Woodrow Wilson
 * 4) William Mckinley
 * 5) Henry Ford
 * 6) Andrew Carnegie
 * 7) John D. Rockofeller
 * 8) JP Morgan
 * 9) Adam Smith
 * 10) Wright Brothers

__** Important Events: **__
 * 1) World War 1
 * 2) Sherman Anti-Trust Act
 * 3) Spanish-American War
 * 4) Temperance Movement
 * 5) Election of 1890
 * 6) Transcontinental Railroad
 * 7) Great Railroad Strike of 1877
 * 8) Haymarket Square Riot
 * 9) Triangle Factory Fire
 * 10) Gospel of Wealth

__** Important Events: **__ ** Great Railroad Strike - 1877 - Mckayla ** - The strike spread throughout the states of: West Virginia where it started, Maryland, Pennsylvania, Illinois, and Missouri - During the strike no workers would allow any of the company stock roll until wage cuts were stopped. - The most violence was held in Pittsburgh Pennsylavania where the PA railroad and union station were burnt down. - Other violence such as raging mobs throughout city streets, gun firers, and crazy angered workers physically fighting one another. - The strike began to lose momentum when President Hayes sent federal troops from city to city. These troops suppressed strike after strike, until at last, approximately 50 days after it had started, the Great Railroad Strike of 1877 ended.
 * Cause of the strike**: the strike was a response to the cutting of the wages for the 2nd time that year by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroads. Workers were fed up with the wage cuts, and thought they deserved to be paid more money.

** Haymarket Square Riot - Cordon ** Haymarket Square Riot


 * The riot began with a strike by laborers demanding an eight hour work day in Chicago Illinois on May 4, 1886.
 * The Knights of Labor was the leading union of the strike.
 * A bomb thrown from the workers into a fleet of approaching policemen killed seven police. Police then fired back into the crowd with guns, killing four of the strikers.
 * Eight workers were eventually convicted, 7 were sent to death row while one was sentenced to 15 years in prison.

The Haymarket Square riot signified the poor working conditions and corruption of industrialized American cities. The bombing and violence of the crowd didn’t begin until instigated by police force, which shows the lengths that workers were willing to go to until they received better working conditions. The Haymarket Square riot showed a need for government intervention to stop the abuse of the average American citizen by large corporations and monopolies.

** Gospel of Wealth- Ellen ** -Written in 1889 by Andrew Carnegie -An article serving the purpose of describing philanthropy -The main message of the article explained how Carnegie felt money should be handed over to stable business owners -Important because money could now be distributed more properly especially for people like himself, a wealthy entrepreneur.



** Sherman Antitrust Act- Joe ** The act was passed in 1890. It was written and named after John Sherman, a republican from Ohio, and was designed to “Protect the Consumers” and also to limit monopolies in the U.S. Influences - formation of cartels and monopolies - monopolies asking for too much money for goods - reduction of economic competition in the marketplace - several states passed laws before but weren’t very effective because of the limitations set up by interstate commerce - inferior goods and services being provided by monopolies

** Sherman Silver Purchase Act- Ellen ** -Established on July 4, 1890 as a US federal law -Increased the amount of silver the government would receive monthly. -Farmers and miners were the main reason the purchase was enacted. -Written around the same time as the McKinley Tariff to create a package. -The silver had to be bought with a Treasury Coin Note -Often blamed for the panic over bankruptcy.



** Spanish-American War - 1898 - Courtney **

Causes:
 * Cuban War of Independence because America was continuously intervening in fear that Europe would do so before they could
 * Yellow Journalism in America influenced many Americans war was necessary, even President Mckinley
 * Sinking of the USS //Maine// battleship in Cuba which was sent to 'ensure the safety of American citizens'
 * Spain's increasing nationalism especially after the loss of Americans colonies
 * Phillippine Revolution againt the Spanish

The Spanish-American War was important to US History because it ceased the powers of Europe gaining complete control over civilization in Central America, which was too close for comfort for America. It helped establish America as a naval threat to other powerful nations. Although the war only lasted ten weeks and was even considered "a splendid little war", it had a major impact on the militia and naval force of the United States ** Temperance Movement- Joe ** This movement came about to completely remove alcohol from the United States’ everyday society. The temperance movement is influential because it led to the ratification of the 18th amendment in 1919. Influences - previous/earlier temperance organizations - Mary Hunt, Carry Nation, and others played large role in formation of temperance movement - Temperance journals influenced - American Temperance University - Formation of the American Temp Society in 1826 ** Election of 1900 - Mckayla ** - William McKinley – Republican VS. William Jennings Bryan- Democrat - The Republicans portrayed themselves as the party of the "full dinner pail," an appeal to working men in a time of prosperity. - the Democrats ran primarily on anti-imperialism and opposition to the gold standard - McKinley swept the electoral votes and won the election - McKinley’s avocation of economic prosperity and his recent victory of the Spanish-American War helped win him votes

** Triangle Factory Fire - Cordon ** Triangle Shirtwaist Incident


 * Took place on March 25, 1911 in New York City on the 8th, 9th and 10th of the Asch building.
 * The fire is said to have began due to either an undistinguished match or cigarette butt.
 * Due to lock doors to prohibit women from leaving their work area, workers were forced to make a decision to whether they should stay in the fire, or jump to the pavement below.
 * Overall, an estimated 146 people were killed

The Triangle Shirtwaist factory fire signified the deathly outcomes of poor working conditions. The high death toll would have severely reduced had it not been for locked doors and a lack of fire escape routes. This tragedy exemplified the importance of emergency exits, and drew attention to poor working conditions. It showed the possible horrors of industrialized America. The Triangle Shirtwaist fire contributed to an improved worker friendly job market and an increase in emergency escape routes. ** World War 1 - 1914 - Courtney ** Causes of World War 1:
 * Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria.
 * The growth of nationalism across Europe. Other powerful countries feared they would try to gain too much power.
 * Arms races specifically between agressive Germany, and competition of economies and militia led to tensions.
 * Major imperialist tensions especially in the Ottoman Empire
 * July Crisis of 1914 between the powerful nations of Europe, mainly the conflicts between Austria-Hungary and Germany.

Although the United States tried to refrain from World War 1 altogether, they kept out of it as long as they could which was in 1917. Woodrow Wilson decided to take action due to the submarine warfare with Germany, which led to the deaths of innocent Americans aboard the Lusitania. It was America's first world war and Wilson receved major negative criticism for many years after the fact for getting America involved. This war established America as a powerful nation and influence from then on all around the world. ** __Important People:__ ** ** Theodore Roosevelt - Joe ** Theodore Roosevelt was the 26th president of the United States serving two terms from 1901-1909. Roosevelt was a prominent leader in the progressive movement and is also considered one of the progressive presidents. Roosevelt passed many laws while in presidency, including the Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act. Also during his presidency Roosevelt passed the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine in 1905. He is known for his “Big Stick Diplomacy” while president. This meant he would take a country or display the U.S. power whenever necessary. Roosevelt is also well known for his formation of the Rough Riders, an elite cavalry unit during wartime. ** Thomas Edison - Ellen ** -Well known and most important for his inventions such as the light bulb, phonograph, and the motion picture camera which helped shaped our world. -Business man and telegraph operator at one point. -Has 1093 patents in his name.

** Woodrow Wilson - Courtney **

Woodrow Wilson was born in 1856 and lived for 67 years. After being the president of Princeton University for 8 years, he became the governer of New Jersey in 1911. In 1913, he became the 28th President of the United States of America. Although Wilson was a leader for the Progressive movement, he was elected as president as a Democrat. He proposed a progressive influence agenda for his presidency, passing laws that dealth with child labor, maximum hours for working, and was even an advocate for woman suffrage. Up until his time he might have been considering the president with the most reforms to benefit America, until New Deal programs. He was responsible for the admission of the United States into World War 1, and received a lot of negative criticism for many years after the fact. His fourteen points of his plans in the World War were significant to US History as well. ** William Mckinley- Courtney ** William Mckinley was born in 1843 and lived for 58 years. He served in the Civil War in the 1860s. His political life began when he became the Governor of Ohio in 1892 for four years as a Republican. Immediatley following this position, Mckinley soon became the 25th President of the United States of America. He was famous for the involvement of America in the Spanish-American War. He noted that European powers were threatening to America if they were to take over area in Central America so he prevented this successfully. Mckinley was responsible for the annex of the territory of Hawaii in his term as President. He proposed multiple tarriffs into the economy to hopefully ignite it such as the Wilson-Gormann Tariff Act. Unfortunately, President Mckinley was assassinated torwards the end of his term as President by an anarchist.

Ford is the founder of the well-known Ford Motor Company. Ford’s Model-Ts became an everyday sight because of his technique of mass producing them using the Assembly Line. Ford single handedly moved the U.S. into the 20th century because now cars, before too expensive, were now affordable and necessary for every family to have. He also moved the U.S. into the direction of paying workers right. He offered 5$ a day, 120$ today, which was doubly most other salaries. Ford was a pioneer of “welfare capitalism”. He wasn’t only known for cars but was also known worldwide as a promoter of pacifism. ** Andrew Carnegie - Ellen ** -Important because he led America in the expansion of the steel industry -Important __Philanthropist__: cared deeply for humanity. Donated money to many businesses to help build them a foundation. -Ranked as the 2nd richest man in history. -Carnegie Steel Co. -“Rags to Riches” lifestyle
 * Henry Ford - Joe **

** John D. Rockofeller - Mckayla ** - Founder of the standard Oil Company - His company dominated the oil industry and was the 1st great US Business trust - He revolutionized the petroleum industry - He was a founder and well known for defining modern philanthropy ** JP Morgan - Cordon ** John Pierpont Morgan


 * Regarded as one of America’s most successful investors and financiers
 * Expanded his father’s bank, to become one of the largest financing firms in the nation by 1895
 * He helped bring the country out of the depression of 1893 by financing the Federal Reserve System in 1895
 * Formed United States Steel Corporation in 1901 by merging his company, Federal Steel Co., with Carnegie Steel. By doing so, he headed the American steel industry.

J.P. Morgan was one of the wealthiest people in the country during the earl 19th century/late 18th century. His business-oriented brain helped him dominate corporate finance during his time period. Morgan introduced the horizontal integration tactic to lead American industry by buying out his competitors. He single handedly funded the U.S. Federal Reserve System in 1895 to bring our country’s economy out of the dumps. Without J.P Morgan, our country would not have been the #1 industrialization power in the U.S. ** Adam Smith - Mckayla **

- Scottish social philosopher and advocate of political economics - Author of //The Theory of Moral Sentiments// and //An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations// - Known as the father of modern economics and capitalism - His introduction of the 'invisible hand' concept basically argued that no one person is in control of the economic market, and self-interest feeds the good of the society. (providing goods and services that the market demands)

** Wright Brothers - Cordon ** Wilbur and Orville Wright


 * “First in Flight”- the Wright Brothers were the first to ever create an airplane successfully and fly
 * The first flight took place in Kitty Hawk, North Carolina in December of 1903
 * Together the two became experts on the idea of lift, the force that drives and airplane into the sky
 * Aviation was made possible due to their invention of a small, light weight engine that powered the propeller on the plane in 1903

The Wright Brothers give a certain sense of pride to all Americans. Their contributions to the aviation world have greatly influenced modern day aeronautic designs. Their creation of the first airplane put America one step ahead of other countries, and allowed Americans to believe anything was possible. Without the Wright Brothers, airplane travel may not exist, and global travel for the average person would not be presented as possible.

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